Small 4to; 185x130 mm. Contemporary stiff vellum binding. Thick laid paper with watermark. 216 unnumbered leaves, including blank leaves 120, 200-203. 4 folded plates with diagrams and geometrical illustrations. The treatise, up to leaf 199, is divided into Chapters, Propositions, Corollaries, and consists of 144 Paragraphs. It is followed, after 4 blank leaves and 3 folded plates, by 13 leaves with other short chapters including ‘Appendix ubi de creatione ex nihilo in quaestione saltus’; at the end another folded plate.
Handwriting in sharp cursive, black ink. From leaf 73 to 81 calligraphy with smaller and faster characters, but appear to be by the same hand; these papers have been trimmed in the lower margin. The watermark ‘Dove on a trimonte and letters E I within a single circle surmounted by the letter F’ is clearly visible in the folded plates: it is almost identical to a Bolognese watermark from a work of 1690.
On the first insidecover, a three-line inscription has been erased in black ink: one can glimpse, in the second line, ‘Institutiones Physicae’. The other words are not legible.
Very good condition.
An important treatise on Physics that, with precise references to Roger Joseph Boscovich, deals with the composition of bodies and expertly examines atomism. The author, most probably a Jesuit Father, proposes, by referring to Aristotle, a system that accords Newton and Leibniz (l. 85 ‘Sistema inter Newtonianum et Leibnitianum mediano, atque de utroque partecipans, ac praeterea componibile cum Sistemate Aristotelis.Habet ex Newtonianum sistemate vires mutuas et Leibnitiano puncta indivisibilia videbitis olim, quomoso ab utroque'), and uses for this purpose the theory of Boscovich, who is frequently cited.
On leaf 152, a dissertation on the ‘vis repulsiva’ that Boscovich discusses in the "Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis"; on leaf 179, a lengthy discussion of matter as a series of indivisible discontinuous points, ‘Corpora constant punctis prorfus indivisibilibus inextentis, atque a se invicem distantibus’. Edwards: ‘[Boscovich's theory of matter] was widely studied, and Michael Faraday, Sir William Hamilton, James Clerk Maxwell, and Lord Kelvin (to mention only English scientists) stressed the theoretical advantage of the Boscovichian atom over rigid atoms. In any case, Boscovich's work marked an important stage in the history of our ideas about the universe, and his system will remain the paradigm of the theory of point particles.’
The text is written in the first person, beginning with the incipit in which the author announces that, having largely dealt with logical institutions, he ‘attacks’ the ‘physical faculty’. Some paragraphs begin with ‘nego’, on leaf 36 verso, in the chapter dealing with motion, paragraph 22 begins with ‘Iam dico velocitatem absolutam a nobis definiti non posse’.
On leaf 2r, ‘Iuvenis Aloysius Gonzaga’, a Jesuit canonised in 1726, is mentioned; on verso he declares Aristotle the most famous and wise among ancient physicists. The following are then cited as indispensable reference authors: Galilei, Descartes, Gassendi, Torricelli, Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Boyle, Emmanuel Maignan, Marcello Malpighi, John Keill, Willem Jacob ‘s Gravesande and Isaac Newton, “philosophorum Princeps”.
From leaf 50 a treatment of optics with reference to the illustration depicted in the first folded table, called ‘Tab. I’.
Figure 10 in ‘Tab. III’ is identical with ‘Figure 9’ in Benvenuti's Dissertatio physica de lumine, in the edition ‘Vindobonae, Trattner 1761: it concerns Benvenuti's interpretation of the reflection of light using Boscovich's “force curve” segment.
There are two unequivocal references for the dating of the manuscript: Boscovich's work, the first edition of which dates from 1758; the note added to leaf 152, in smaller handwriting, similar to that of the 8 leaves, at the end of & 46. Here the author writes: ‘... risputatione ab excellentissimis SS. Dni nostri Francisco Abundio Rezzonico’.
- Abbondio Rezzonico I Prince Rezzonico (Venice, 19 February 1742 - Rome, 1 March 1810), nephew of Pope Clement XIII, eminent patron of the arts, Italian nobleman and papal dignitary, held the office of Senator of Rome from 1765 to 1810.
As for the author, it is safe to assume that he is the Jesuit scholar Carlo Benvenuti, an eminent pupil of Boscovich.
- Carlo Benvenuti (Livorno 1716 - Warsaw 1789), was an Italian Jesuit, physicist and mathematician. He is particularly known for his support of Isaac Newton's ideas, following Boscovich, of whom he was one of the first students, in mathematics courses between 1740 and 1750 at the Collegio Romano.
He was chosen to replace Boscovich in 1750-1751 when the latter had to leave Rome to carry out work on the great chorographic map of the Papal States, which he published a few years later. When Boscovich returned, Benvenuti continued to teach at the Collegio Romano, this time physics.
He was chosen to replace Boscovich in 1750-1751 when the latter had to leave Rome to carry out work on the great chorographic map of the Papal States, which he published a few years later. When Boscovich returned, Benvenuti continued to teach at the Collegio Romano, this time physics. In 1752 he edited the publication of Boscovich's Elementorum matheseos ad usum studiosae iuventutis libri III, with an introduction of his own.
In 1754, he published two works: Synopsis physcæ generalis, which follows Newton's principles on light, and De lumine dissertatio physica, also following Newton's principles on light. According to Mazzuchelli, who says he learned the fact from Zaccaria (who had witnessed it), part of this second paper was by Boscovich himself, as Benvenuti was indisposed at the time of printing.
On 16 December 1755, Benvenuti reported on Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopaedia for the congregation, which was preparing the Index of Forbidden Books for the years 1754-1757. It has been speculated that Benvenuti's activities in 1754-1755 contributed to removing works containing statements in favour of the motion of the Earth from the Index. He then had to leave Rome in 1772 and retire to Poland, where he was received in Warsaw by King Stanislaw Poniatowski.